Saponification Definition and Reaction

Life Within Prison Walls - 1181 Words

When you commit a crime and you are convicted, you go to prison. This is common knowledge throughout America and the world. What most citizens don’t know is that within prison walls, there is a lifestyle much different than the life you and I are used to outside of bars. Within the walls of American prisons, the occupants are deprived of many freedoms you and me take for granted. There is not much to do. Many inmates used drugs outside of prison, so there is a high demand to smuggle drugs into the prison system for use by the inmates. The purpose of prison is to rehabilitate prisoners to become productive citizens when their sentences are over. So the question I raise is, how do we stop the flow of narcotics into the system? There are several ways to hinder the flow of narcotics into the prison system. One effective way would be to have more guards present during visitation hours. One of the only times prisoners have contact with the outside world is when friends or family come to visit. These visitations are often in wide open spaces, with guards present. Security cameras are usually all over prisons, but I think many of them should be concentrated both in the visiting area and in the public entrance of the prison. The inmates only have a limited amount of time with their visitors. Guards should be specially trained to spot signs of a hand off. There should be a large quantity of guards in visiting areas, to deter any potential hand offs of contraband. The more guardsShow MoreRelatedFemale And Female Offenders : Women Behind Prison Walls Were Emotionally Unstable Or Evil Manipulators839 Words   |  4 PagesThe initial thought of Kerman towards such women behind prison walls were emotionally unstable o r evil manipulators that were naturally deviant. 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The Indus Valley Civilization History Essay Free Essays

The Indus Valley civilisation is besides known as the Harappan Civilization after the small town named Harappa, in what is now Pakistan, where the civilisation was foremost discovered. It is besides known as the Indus Civilization because two of its best-known metropoliss, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, are situated along the Bankss of the Indus River. This name is inaccurate. We will write a custom essay sample on The Indus Valley Civilization History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the civilisation ‘s colonies were situated along the every bit monolithic Ghaggar-Hakra river system, which is now mostly nonextant. The Indus Valley civilisation extended over a big part of contemporary Pakistan and western India. It flourished between 2600 and 1900 BC. Forgotten to history prior to its rediscovery in the 1920s, the Indus civilisation — as it is more normally ( if inaccurately ) called — ranks with its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, as one of the three earliest of all human civilisations, as defined by the outgrowth of metropoliss and composing. The Indus civilisation was non the earliest human civilisation ; Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt developed metropoliss somewhat before the Indus civilisation did. Nevertheless, the Indus civilisation was by far the most geographically extended of the three earliest civilisations. Over 1000 colonies have been found, the bulk along the way of the nonextant Ghaggar-Hakra river, which one time flowed — like the Indus — through what is now known as the Indus Valley. ( It is due to the Ghaggar-Hakra ‘s prominence that some bookmans, with justification, prefer to talk of the Indus Valley civilisation instead than the Indus civilisation ; for the interest of brevity, this article will utilize the older terminology. ) Other Indus civilisation colonies were situated along the Indus and its feeders or spread every bit widely as Mumbai ( Bombay ) to the South, Delhi to the E, the Persian boundary line to the West and the Himalayas to the north. Among the colonies are legion metropoliss, including Dholavira [ ? ] , Ganeriwala [ ? ] , Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi [ ? ] . At its extremum, its population may hold exceeded five million people. In changeless, close communicating were towns and metropoliss separated by distances of 1000 kilometer. For all its accomplishments, the Indus civilisation is ill understood. Its really being was forgotten until the twentieth century. Its authorship system remains undeciphered. Among the Indus civilisation ‘s enigmas are cardinal inquiries, including its agencies of subsistence and the causes of its sudden, dramatic disappearing, get downing around 1900 BC. We do non cognize what linguistic communication Indus civilisation spoke. We do non cognize what they called themselves. All of these facts stand in stark contrast to what is known about its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. Table of contents 1 Predecessors 2 Emergence of Civilization 3 Cities 4 Economy 5 Agribusiness 6 Writing 7 Decline and Collapse 8 Bequest 9 External Mentions Predecessors The Indus civilisation was predated by the first agriculture civilizations in south Asia, which emerged in the hills Baluchistan, to the West of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this civilization is Mehrgarh, established around 6500 BC [ ? ] . These early husbandmans domesticated wheat and a assortment of animate beings, including cowss. Pottery was in usage by around 5500 BC [ ? ] . The Indus civilization grew out of this civilization ‘s technological base, every bit good as its geographic enlargement into the alluvial fields of what are now the states of Sindh and Punjab in modern-day Pakistan. By 4000 BC, a typical, regional civilization, called pre-Harappan, had emerged in this country. ( It is called pre-Harappan because remains of this widespread civilization are found in the early strata of Indus civilisation metropoliss. ) Trade webs linked this civilization with related regional civilizations and distant beginnings of natural stuffs, including lapis lazuli and other stuffs for bead-making. Villagers had, by this clip, domesticated legion harvests, including peas, benne seed, day of the months, and cotton, every bit good as a broad scope of domestic animate beings, including the H2O American bison, an animate being that remains indispensable to intensive agricultural production throughout Asia today. Emergence of Civilization By 2600 BC, some pre-Harappan colonies grew into metropoliss incorporating 1000s of people who were non chiefly engaged in agribusiness. Subsequently, a incorporate civilization emerged throughout the country, conveying into conformance colonies that were separated by every bit much as 1,000 kilometer. and muffling regional differences. So sudden was this civilization ‘s outgrowth that early bookmans thought that it must hold resulted from external conquering or migration. Yet archeologists have demonstrated that this civilization did, in fact, arise from its pre-Harappan predecessor. The civilization ‘s sudden visual aspect appears to hold been the consequence of planned, deliberate attempt. For illustration, some colonies appear to hold been intentionally rearranged to conform to a witting, well-developed program. For this ground, the Indus civilisation is recognized to be the first to develop urban planning. Cities The Indus civilisation ‘s preference for urban planning is apparent in the larger colonies and metropoliss. Typically, the metropolis is divided into two subdivisions. The first country includes a raised, earthen platform ( dubbed the â€Å" Citadel † by early archeologists ) . The 2nd country ( called the â€Å" lower metropolis † ) contains tightly packed places and stores, every bit good as chiseled streets that were laid out to a precise program. A system of unvarying weights and steps was in usage, and streets and back streets are of stiffly unvarying breadth in virtually all Harappan sites. The chief edifice stuff was brick, both fired and sun-baked, of a strictly standardised size. The largest metropoliss every bit many as 30,000 people. As seen in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, the best-known ( and perchance the largest ) metropoliss, this urban program included the universe ‘s first urban sanitation systems. Within the metropolis, single places or groups of places obtained H2O from Wellss. From a room that appears to hold been set aside for bathing, waste H2O was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Although the well-engineered system drained waste H2O from the metropolis, it seems clear that the streets were far from fragrant. Houses opened merely to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. The intent of the â€Å" Citadel † remains a affair of argument. In crisp contrast to this civilisation ‘s coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, no big, monumental constructions were built. There is no conclusive grounds of castles or temples — or, so, of male monarchs, ground forcess, or priests. Some constructions are thought to hold been garners. Found at one metropolis is an tremendous, well-built bath, which may hold been a public bath. Although the â€Å" Citadels † are walled, it is far from clear that these constructions were defensive. They may hold been built to deviate inundation Waterss. Most metropolis inhabitants appear to hold been bargainers or craftsmans, who lived with others prosecuting the same business in chiseled vicinities. Materials from distant parts were used in the metropoliss for building seals, beads and other objects. Among the artefacts made were beautiful beads made of glassy rock ( called faience [ ? ] . The seals have images of animate beings, Gods etc. , and letterings. Some of the seals were used to stomp clay on trade goods, but they likely had other utilizations. Although some houses were larger than others, Indus civilisation metropoliss were singular for their evident equalitarianism. For illustration, all houses had entree to H2O and drainage installations. One gets the feeling of a huge, middle-class society. Economy The Indus civilisation ‘s economic system appears to hold depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major progresss in conveyance engineering. These progresss included bullock-driven carts that are indistinguishable to those seen throughout South Asia today, every bit good as boats. Most of these boats were likely little, flat-bottomed trade, possibly driven by canvas, similar to those one can see on the Indus River today ; nevertheless, there is secondary grounds of sea-going trade: late, archeologists have discovered a monolithic, dredged canal and docking installation at a coastal metropolis. Judging from the dispersion of Indus civilisation artefacts, the trade webs economically integrated a immense country, including parts of Afghanistan, the coastal parts of Persia, northern and cardinal India, and Mesopotamia. A Sumerian lettering appears to utilize the name Meluhha to mention to the Indus civilisation. If so, it is the lone grounds we possess that might propose what Indus civilisation people called themselves. Agribusiness Indus civilisation agribusiness must hold been extremely productive ; after all, it was capable of bring forthing excesss sufficient to back up 10s of 1000s of urban occupants who were non chiefly engaged in agribusiness. It relied on the considerable technological accomplishments of the pre-Harappan civilization, including the Big Dipper. Still, really small is known about the husbandmans who supported the metropoliss or their agricultural methods. Some of them doubtless made usage of the fertile alluvial dirt [ ? ] left by rivers after the inundation season, but this simple method of agribusiness is non thought to be productive plenty to back up metropoliss. There is no grounds of irrigation, but such grounds could hold been obliterated by repeated, ruinous inundations. The Indus civilisation appears to disconfirm the Oriental Despotism [ ? ] hypothesis, which is concerned with the beginning of urban civilisation and the province. Harmonizing to this hypothesis, metropoliss could non hold arisen without irrigation systems capable of bring forthing monolithic agricultural excesss [ ? ] . To construct these systems, a despotic, centralised province emerged that was capable of stamp downing the societal position of 1000s of people and tackling their labour as slaves. It is really hard to square this hypothesis with what is known about the Indus civilisation. There is no grounds of irrigation — and what is more, there is no grounds of male monarchs, slaves, or forced mobilisation of labour. It is frequently assumed that intensive agricultural production requires dikes and canals. This premise is easy refuted. Throughout Asia, rice husbandmans produce important agricultural excesss from terraced, hillside rice Paddies [ ? ] , which result non from bondage but instead the accrued labour of many coevalss of people. Alternatively of edifice canals, Indus civilisation people may hold built H2O recreation strategies, which — like patio agribusiness [ ? ] — can be elaborated by coevalss of small-scale labour investings. In add-on, it is known that Indus civilisation people practiced rainfall harvest home [ ? ] , a powerful engineering that was brought to fruition by classical Indian civilisation but about forgotten in the twentieth century. It should be remembered that Indus civilisation people, like all peoples in South Asia, built their lives around the monsoon, a conditions form in which the majority of a twelvemonth ‘s rainfall occurs in a four-month pe riod. At a late discovered Indus civilisation metropolis in western India, archaeologists discovered a series of monolithic reservoirs, hewn from solid stone and designed to roll up rainfall, that would hold been capable of run intoing the metropolis ‘s demands during the dry season. The nature of the Indus civilisation ‘s agricultural system is still mostly a affair of speculation. But the affair is of import. It is possible that this civilisation teaches an of import lesson. By agencies of corporate societal action and harmonious integrating with the natural environment, human existences may hold one time created considerable economic prosperity without societal inequality or political subjugation. If this is so the Indus civilisation ‘s accomplishment, it is among the most baronial in all human history. Writing The Indus civilisation remains cryptic in another manner: Despite legion efforts, bookmans have non been able to decode the Indus book. One job is the deficiency of grounds. Most of the known letterings have been found on seals or ceramic pots, and are no more than 4 or 5 characters in length ; the longest is 26 characters. There is no grounds of a organic structure of literature. A complicating factor: No 1 knows which linguistic communication Indus civilisation people spoke ; likely campaigners are the Dravidian linguistic communication household, the Munda, the Indo-Aryan, and Sumerian. Were it known which linguistic communication was spoken by Indus civilisation people, bookmans might derive hints that could assist them decode the book. But no 1 knows. Because the letterings are so short, some bookmans wonder whether the Indus book fell abruptly of a true authorship system ; it has been suggested that the system amounted to little more than a agency of entering individuality in economic minutess. Still, it is possible that longer texts were written in perishable media. Morever, there is one, little piece of grounds proposing that the book embodies a well-known, widespread, and complex communicating system. At a late discovered Indus civilisation metropolis in Western India, grounds has been found that appears to be the leftovers of a big mark that was mounted above the gate to the metropolis. Possibly it was designed to inform travellers ( who would hold been legion ) of the metropolis ‘s name, correspondent to the welcome marks seen today along main roads taking to major metropoliss. Decline and Collapse For 700 old ages, the Indus civilisation provided its peoples with prosperity and copiousness and its craftsmans produced goods of exceling beauty and excellence. But about every bit all of a sudden as the civilisation emerged, it declined and disappeared. No 1 knows why. Around 1900 BC, marks began to emerge of mounting jobs. Peoples started to go forth the metropoliss. Those who remained were ill nourished. By around 1800 BC, most of the metropoliss were abandoned. In the centuries to come — and once more, in crisp contrast to its coevalss, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt — remembrance of the Indus civilisation and its accomplishments seemed to vanish from the record of human experience. Unlike the antediluvian Egyptians and Mesopotamians, Indus civilisation people built no immense, stone memorials to certify to their being. One could reason that they could non make so because rock was difficult to come by in the Indus Valley alluvial sediment. One could besides reason that the construct of an tremendous, intimidating memorial was foreign to their position of the universe. To be certain, Indus civilisation people did non vanish. In the wake of the Indus civilisation ‘s prostration, regional civilizations emerged, all of which show the tarriance influence — to changing grades — of the Indus civilisation. In the once great metropolis of Harappa, entombments have been found that correspond to a regional civilization called the Cemetery H civilization. Some former Indus civilisation people appear to hold migrated to the E, toward the Gangetic Plain [ ? ] . What disappeared was non the people, but the civilisation: the metropoliss, the authorship system, the trade webs, and — finally — the political orientation that so evidently provided the rational foundation for this civilisation ‘s integrating. In the past, many bookmans argued that the prostration was so sudden that it must hold been caused by foreign conquering. In the 19th century, some bookmans argued that â€Å" superior † Aryan encroachers, with their Equus caballuss and chariots, conquered the â€Å" crude, † â€Å" dark, † and â€Å" weak † peoples they encountered in ancient South Asia. Subsequently, these â€Å" white † encroachers intermingled with the autochthonal â€Å" dark † population, and grew â€Å" weak † — and hence ripe for repeated conquering. It was portion of a larger, fabulous narration that was used to legalize the English colonisation of the â€Å" weak † and â€Å" dark † peoples of India. These thoughts were developed before the find of the Indus civilisation itself, when it was assumed that the pre-Aryan Indian populations lived crude lives. When the civilisation was discovered in the 1920s, these statements were adapted to s how the Indo-Aryans as energetic barbaric warriors who overthrew a inactive or peaceable urban civilization. In the words of the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, the Indo-Aryan war God Indra ‘stands accused ‘ of the devastation. Current thought does non give much acceptance to the position that the Indo-Aryans were responsible for the prostration of the Indus civilisation, or that ‘ † white † encroachers displaced or subordinated â€Å" dark † indigens. Centuries would go through before Cardinal Asiatic Indo-Aryans appeared in South Asia. Even so, there is no grounds — an vague Vedic mention notwithstanding — that these peoples conquered a civilisation. The facts are these: by the clip the Central Asiatic peoples arrived, the Indus civilisation had collapsed. What caused the prostration? It seems undeniable that a major factor was climatic alteration. In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and pullulating with wildlife. It was wetter, excessively. Floods were a job and appear, on more than one juncture, to hold overwhelmed certain colonies. A point in fact: Indus civilisation people supplemented their diet with hunting, a fact that is all but impossible when 1 considers today ‘s dessicated, denuded environment. By 1800 BC, the clime is known to hold changed. It became significantly cooler and drier. But this fact entirely may non hold been sufficient to convey down the Indus civilisation. The important factor may hold been the disappearing of significant parts of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system. A tectonic event may hold diverted the system ‘s beginnings toward the Ganges Plain, though there is some uncertainness about the day of the month of this event. Such a statement may look doubtful if one does non recognize that the passage between the Indus and Gangetic plains sums to a affair of inches, and is all but unperceivable. The part in which the river ‘s Waterss once arose is known to be geologically active, and there is grounds of major tectonic events at the clip the Indus civilisation collapsed. The river ‘s very being was unknown until the late twentieth century, when geologists used satellite photographs to follow its former class through the Indus Valley. If the Ghaggar-Hakra river system dried up when the Indus civilisation was at its tallness, the effects would hold been lay waste toing. Refugees would hold flooded the other metropoliss. The â€Å" critical mass † needed for economic integrating would hold collapsed. The most likely account is that the causes were multiple — and, in their collection, ruinous. In the worsening old ages, Indus civilisation people tried to hang on to their old manner of life, but in the terminal, they gave up. By 1600 BC, the metropoliss were deserted. In the nineteenth century, British applied scientists discovered that the abundant bricks found in the ruins — in which they expressed no apparent wonder — provided first-class natural stuffs for railroad building. They proceeded to destruct much of the available archeological grounds. Bequest The relationship between the Indus civilisation and the early Sanskrit linguistic communication civilization that produced the Vedic texts of Hinduism is ill-defined. It is perplexing that the most ancient Vedic texts — unwritten traditions that were non written down until long after Central Asians had settled in the Gangetic Plain and intermingled with its autochthonal occupants — speak of a beautiful river, the Sarasvati river. They recall a thriving, Utopian life style that emerged along its Bankss. The texts besides seem to depict the sad narrative of the river ‘s disappearing. Still, all the grounds suggests that the supposed writers of the earliest Vedas — â€Å" Indo-european † migrators from Central Asia — did non look until many centuries after the Indus civilisation ‘s prostration. Are the ancient Vedic mentions to the Sarasviti River strictly fabulous? Did they refer to some other river? Did they refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra river? We are in the kingdom of speculation. To perplex affairs, this topic has been drawn into the struggle that divides India and Pakistan. Still, it is possible Vedic civilisation, originating centuries after the Indus civilisation ‘s ruin, evolved in a duologue between Central Asian immigrants and autochthonal, small town peoples, who may hold recalled — possibly mythologically — the Indus civilisation ‘s magnificence and its prostration. This reading squares with some of the grounds. The â€Å" Aryan † migrators who arrived in India centuries after the Indus civilisation ‘s prostration were related to other peoples who migrated to the Middle East and Europe during the same period ; all these peoples brought with them a typical faith focused on the worship of a Sun God. In India, these beliefs shortly gave manner to a well more advanced and sophisticated spiritual tradition, Hinduism, which looks to the most ancient Vedas as a beginning of legitimacy but departs from them philosophically in important ways. It is possible ( but however a affair of speculation ) that the Indus civilisation ‘s bequest contributed to Hinduism ‘s development. As several archeologists have noted, there is something indescribably â€Å" Indian † about the Indus vale civilisation. Judging from the abundant statuettes picturing female birthrate that they left buttocks, Indus civilisation people — like mod ern Hindus — may hold held a particular topographic point in their worship for a female parent goddess and the life-affirming rules she represents ( see Shakti and Kali ) . Their seals depict animate beings in a manner that seems to propose fear, possibly boding Hindu strong beliefs sing the sacredness of cowss. Like Hindus today, Indus civilisation people seemed to hold placed a high value on bathing, personal cleanliness, and shacking with one ‘s extended household. Possibly the most of import bequest of the Indus civilisation, if such a bequest exists, was its passive resistance. In amazing and dramatic contrast to other ancient civilisations, the archeological record of the Indus civilisation provides small or no believable grounds of ground forcess, male monarchs, slaves, societal struggle, political subjugation, gross societal inequalities, prisons, and the other afflictions that we associate with civilisation. Make the Indus civilisation contribute in some manner to the construct of ahimsa ( passive resistance ) , one of the most of import of all Hindu beliefs? Possibly we will ne’er cognize. But we should retrieve the words of Mahatma Gandhi: â€Å" I have nil new to learn the universe. Truth and non-violence are every bit old as the hills. † External Mentions hypertext transfer protocol: //www.harappa.com/ has descriptions and exposure of archeological diggings. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.safarmer.com/frontline/ shows how the Indus Valley Civilization has become combative in contemporary Indian political relations, giving a sum-up of present cognition. All Wikipedia text is available under the footings of the GNU Free Documentation License A A Search Encyclopedia Search over one million articles, happen something about about anything! A Top of Form Bottom of Form A A A A Featured Article 1892 †¦ cosmonautics, and projectile applied scientist ( + 1929 ) . Ernest Brastins [ ? ] born in Latvia, spiritual leader ( Dievturiba ) Deaths January 31 – Charles Spurgeon February 11 – †¦ How to cite The Indus Valley Civilization History Essay, Essay examples

Reality TV free essay sample

Unscripted program, real people NOT actors in a specific environment Normal people with no discernible talent, no discernible insights, but who are willing, eager to be seen and heard living their own life. -â€Å"real life† television is filmed with out stoppage time, and then edited to catch the viewers eye -certifiable global pop-culture phenomenon Reality TV comes is all different forms now from daily life of real people such as Big Brother and Jersey Shore, sports shows, business shows like undercover boss and dirtiest jobs, talent shows such as American Idol and Dancing with the stars, family shows John and Kate plus 8, and motivational shows like biggest loser and survivor. -This eventually led to being filmed and put on TV in 1948. â€Å"Candid Camera† (CQ researcher: Reality TV: Maryann Haggerty -In 1989 COPS came on air because of the writers guild of American strike. This show followed police during their daily activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Reality TV or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It began with no music or narration just a simple camera following a police. -Over on ABC, beginning in 1990, people were turning their own cameras on family and pets to make â€Å"Americas Funniest Home Videos -In 1992, reality TV was a novelty.In 2000, it was a fad. In 2010, its a way of life. Time Magazine article It wasnt until the premiere of ‘The Real World’ on MTV in 1992 that we began to witness the emergence of many of the textual characteristics that would come to define the genres current format,† -In 2008, the Emmys awarded a stature to the best host of a reality TV show for the first time, which was exciting news to all -ABC NBC Fox MTV CBS -In 2010 Reality TV is now a valid career choice.The New York Times estimated that at any given time, there are 1,000 people on air as reality TV stars. Topic 3: Addictiveness of Reality TV One reason for their popularity is financial: an hour of reality can cost a few hundred thousand dollars, compared to the one to three million for a scripted drama. But part of the reason fans become involved in the show is that they get invested in the good guys and bad guys. -Thats how people watch reality TV: you can doubt it, interrogate it, talk back to it, believe it, or not.

Impacts of Total Productive Maintenance free essay sample

But there are some companies who have failed to gain advantage and some who are skeptic about its implementation. This leads us to know more about how TPM impacts different components of different organizations. This article focuses on some components such as overall effectiveness and cultural impacts of TPM on an organization. It concludes in building and maintaining a supportive culture and how overall effective helps in gaining a competitive edge over a long period of time. Any organization want to chase in world class competition must give customer satisfaction by providing reliable product or service on time at lower prize then others. One of the premises is that good maintenance and plant engineering process gives fundamental success in manufacturing (Hanson, 1995; Madu 2000). So the organization must reduce the unnecessary cost of time and material by reducing maintenance cost. And to reduce the maintenance cost is one of the reason to develop manufacturing technology like TPM (total productive maintenance). We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Total Productive Maintenance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TPM is introduced by Seiici Nakajima in late 1970s in Japan, which made major influence over the economic progress of Japanese manufacturers (Willmott, 1994). TPM is basically a program to improve maintenance effectiveness of equipment throughout its life in the organization by the participation and motivation of all workforces from top management to the line employee from all department of an organization (Nakajima, 1988). The main goal of TPM to achieve maximum productivity with only limited investment in maintenance. This goal can be achieve by increase the overall equipment effectiveness(OEE) by reducing the losses, by improving existing maintenance system, by implementing autonomous maintenance and by increase a skill and motivation of operators from individual and group development (Willmott, 1994). And also by proper maintenance of equipment and facilities for best performance in order to reduce their life cycle cost. One of the properties of TPM is that production operators assist to repair the equipments when it is down and thus they share their effort in preventive maintenance and in turns improvement in process (Jostes Helms. 994) In this term paper we focus on impacts of TPM. Many companies such Steelcase, Tennessee Eastman(Garwood, 1990), Nissan(Suzuki, 1993) adopted TPM are satisfied with the technique and find significant reduction in break down labor rates, lost of production, setup cost and cost per maintenance unit(Koelsch, 1993). TPM helps to planned and controlled the maintenanc e expanse(Adair-Heely, 1989) and reduction in maintenance force. For example a person who pays for preventive works are no more needed after implementing TPM, because TPM terns all activities of PM works to production forces. TPM gives opportunity to all individuals to express idea to improve the process and become a more familiar with tools and techniques to solve the problems and this effect directly to the capability of organization. TPM also helps to maintain consistency in quality of the product as well as reliability of product, the things that expect from the customer which interns helps to satisfy the customer. The basic aims of TPM is to double productivity and eliminate the loses, to create bright, clean and pleasant factory, to empower people and facilities and, through them, the organization itself (Wireman, 1991).

argument paper

argument paper argument paper Misuse of Cellphones In this day and age technology has become huge, from texting to social media. Having a cellphone is important for everyone to have, but is it being misused? I believe so. Cellphones went from being something that people use as a helping hand, to something that most people cant live without. This technology has a lot of good uses, but most people don’t use it for those purposes anymore. At this point in time cellphones are becoming an addiction, younger children are getting introduced to it, people are losing important social skills, and there are other dangers that can be brought upon someone just by misusing a cellphone. In recent months I’ve come to notice a lot of alarming signals from people when they're out with their significant other, family, and friends; everyone is on their phone. Nobody is talking to one another, nobody is making eye contact, and nobody is expressing themselves the way they should be. Years ago, when cellphones weren't an issue, people were able to sit with one another without thinking about who is texting them, and what picture their ex posted on Instagram. Cellphones are becoming a huge addiction and people are falling deeper and deeper into this trap. I have also come to notice that many children are getting introduced to cellphone; for example, the iPhone. Many parents feel that its okay to let their toddler flip through their phone while they’re busy doing other things. Yes, it may be very convenient but from then on that’s all they want, your phone. I have also read articles months ago about how many toddlers are delaying in their motor skills; for example, many toddlers already know how to do the swiping motion to unlock the screen on an iPhone or iPad, but they don’t know how to build blocks. Reading about this was very eye opening for me. Especially because it made me notice things that I didn't really notice before. Like my baby cousin, he is two years old and is beyond obsessed with his mother or fathers iPhone. He can’t eat without watching something on it.

Operative Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operative Management - Term Paper Example Rigsby and Guy Greco, 2003) Sam Walton, the founder of Wal- Mart had a clear vision to establish Wal- Mart as the best retail store in the industry. The mission of Wal Mart was simple, easy to explain to those responsible for its achievement, and straightforward that left nothing to the imagination. The goal of the Sam was not the biggest retailer but the best retailer in the industry. Wal- Mart was equipped with certain basic values to attain its straightforward mission. These values are the ability to merchandise, creating innovative retailing ideas, best store operations, cost control, technologies, customer services, distribution, and establishing a culture as a retailer. The reason for such a phenomenal success as the best retailer in the word is to pursue the business with these pre-established values. Wal- Mart translated these values into its retail practices and achieved the best results. Wal- Mart executed its strategies by developing the skill of managers in areas of communication, motivating junior staff, team development through training, establishing standards for customer service, and fixing responsibility and accountability. Wal- Mart used one of the basic theories of management called ‘theory of motivation’. Theory of motivation seeks to persuade efforts from management to encourage employees. Sam Walton, the founder of Wal- Mart, used to visit his stores and meet employees at different levels of activities. He used to carry a tape recorder and treated it as his ‘tool of empowerment’. He used to tape his conversations with employees and later listened to those recordings for devising means to create motivation among his workforce. He was first in the industry to call his work as his ‘associate’. Addressing an employee as an ‘associate’ of the management is enough to instill in employees a sense of responsibility at par with ownership.

Genetic Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic Testing - Research Paper Example Indeed, employers are also inclined to conduct these tests, either clandestinely or overtly, of their employees to ensure they could be able to match workplace environment or would develop diseases amid genetic abnormalities. Indeed, employers regard such individuals that could develop diseases from workplace hazardous substances as ‘hypersensitive’ and usually are reluctant to induct them in organizational hierarchy to save future health care and social costs, avoid absenteeism, litigation and productivity losses. It is worthwhile to mention that workers having ‘thalassemia gene, sickle cell’ and other genetic disorders are among sensitive individuals who could develop diseases if they work in environment that contain chemicals such as ‘lead, benzene, carbon monoxide particles, cyanide’ etc (Andre & Velasquez, 1991) and (Miller, 2007). Indeed, the proponents of Genetic Testing have raised many arguments for this strategy because employers may inform workers why business workplace may be deleterious for their health, which may lead to disabilities in the long-run. Hence, in this way, the workers could make rational decisions for personal health security and shun dangerous workplaces whenever they apply for job as well as could avoid untimely deaths because of chronic illnesses. Second, the tests enable employees to hire healthy and dynamic workers thereby increasing internal efficiency, lowering absenteeism and minimizing recruitment costs from reduction in employee turnover rates per annum. Third, the financial burden on government reduces because of low allocation for health budgets and fewer social security disbursements. Fourth, it has been considered the responsibility of an employer to offer safe and secure working environment to its employees. However, it may not be possible for business owners to offer 100% secure environment

Epistomology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epistomology - Essay Example Notably, there are .numerous argument on the existence and non-existence of God and such arguments are categorized into logical, metaphysical, empirical, and subjective. Philosophers and the philosophy of popular culture and regions have since had lively debate on the existence of God (The Christian's God Does Not Exist†¦ 114). Therefore, from the same philosophies and understandings, this essay considers that it is equally logical to believe that God may or may not God. Despite the openness on the argument that God may or may not exist does never qualify these same arguments to have the same magnitude. In other words, a lack of positive belief is not the same thing as the presence of a negative belief. While it is perfectly fine not to believe either way, I believe it is hypocritical to assert that God does not exist. This notion will make the believer’s argument invalid for lack of sufficient evidence; however, there is also insufficient evidence for God’s nonexi stence either. Both beliefs (existence and nonexistence) are of equal logical grounds and are valid depending on the weight of the argument/contribution. For instance, the believers usually note that if God never existed, then life could have been meaningless ultimately. In other words, if life was doomed until death, then it could have not mattered how an individual lives his or her life. This theory is actually supported by nature and natural existence. Therefore, to this limit God exists. Despite this argument, there is no physical evidence that God does or does not exist. Beliefs that are based on false assumptions are still logically valid following the assumption (If P>Q; therefore, the statement P>Q is still true.) Since there is no physical evidence for either argument, it is impossible to determine the truth-value of P; therefore, both arguments are logically valid following the initial assumptions they claim. I believe that, in fact, it is truly impossible to prove with 10 0% that any initial assumption is true. Even physical evidence of widely accepted notions, for example, is detected through imperfect human sensory organs. â€Å"I see that the chair is blue> the chair is blue† is 1. Valid and is 2 (Treharne 389). The assumption that your eyes are trustworthy is impossible to verify. (the argument that you could refer to someone else, asking â€Å"is the chair blue?† fails because no matter how many people you ask, how do you know that you can trust them, or that they can trust their own eyes? In addition, what does it really mean to be called blue, anyway?) with this mode and form of arguments, it worth noting that any believe hold especially when a person have no reasonable doubt to believe in their thinking and imaginations. Therefore, both beliefs that God exist and or not holds to those believe on the same, either way. Additionally, Metaphysical â€Å"evidence† may be considered valid. Arguers against metaphysical evidenceà ¢â‚¬â„¢s validity do not, I think, fully understand what it means to be valid. Is any evidence provable with 100% certainty to be true? For example, in Mathematics proofs and deductions that bring about new knowledge are usually based on Theorems or Axioms (but rarely â€Å"Laws†). Therefore, while all deductions from these theorems are logically valid, should the Theorem be proven false, the deductions are no longer applicable to the universe in which the theorem as been proven false but

Public Opinion and Military Intervention

Public Opinion and Military Intervention For modern day states, especially democracies, the outcome of a military intervention is not just determined by the outcome on the battlefield but is also to a huge extent determined by the public opinion. The â€Å"Vietnam syndrome† and the much recognized and debated topic regarding Vietnam as a political loss for the American is deeply interconnected with public opinion on the intervention. The aim of this paper is two understand how public opinion can ‘make’ or ‘break’ a military intervention. I will do this by firstly looking at how an activated opinion of the masses can dictate a government’s decision to intervene or not. Secondly, I will look at the casualty hypothesis wherein in a loss-averse public starts to view an intervention negatively as casualties start mounting up. For a long time public opinion was disregarded by academicians. Numerous communication models, like the Hypodermic Needle model or the Magic Bullet model, assumed that the public were mere consumers of information and that they lacked the element of rationality. As a result of this belief, which largely stemmed from the works of the Chicago School during the aftermath of the Second World War and the tragedy of Nazi Germany, it was believed that the public were vulnerable to any information being â€Å"injected† into them as a result of which their opinion was inconsequential. It was in this context that the idea, â€Å"the President doesn’t follow public opinion, he leads it† emerged.[1] However, this dismissal attitude towards public opinion started to change as more and more research started to point towards the inherent rationality of the public and their ability to assimilate, analyze and impact policies, especially in the case of liberal and democratic societies.[2] Public opinion can in the words of V.O. Key be described as, â€Å"those opinions held by private persons which the government find it prudent to heed†. The monumental impact of public opinion can be seen through the electorate decisions that the public makes. Therefore, democratic states need to pay attention to the demands of the public and are to huge extent dictated by the public opinion. In democratic states, the civil-military relations are such that the power of decision making pertaining to military intervention largely lies with the executive and the legislative, which in turn is affected by public opinion, and not with the military. The inter-connectedness of civil-military relations is not just limited to the decision of making a military intervention or not. It includes the use of military to promote democratic values in other countries and is also reflected in the â€Å"cultural dimensions of strategy and policy†. In fact, post the Cold War era there has been an increased acceptance of the fact that culture, which includes identity, political culture in the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..of the structure of decision-making and public opinion, has increasingly become a factor in determining the course of today’s complex and interconnected world.[3] Here it is important to note that every time the state makes the decision for or against a military intervention it does not proactively seek the public’s opinion. This can be attributed to the fact that the public does not always have a well articulated opinion. However, this does not mean that the public does not have any opinion; it only means that the opinion is â€Å"latent†. Latent public opinion refers to â€Å"ingrained sets of values, criteria for judgement, attitudes, preferences, dislikes – pictures in [the] head- that come into play when a relevant action, event, or proposal arises†.[4] It shows that the public can many a times be considered as detached and/or uniformed. However, it is important to note that an unsophisticated public is not necessarily an irrational one.[5] Latent opinion when manifested can translate into active opinion. Therefore, it can be said that latent opinion has potential for expression- provided it is activated by some message or event. According to Mood theory that was articulated by Gabriel Almond, opinion becomes activated when two things happen simultaneously- a) events that directly threaten the normal conduct of affairs, and b) occurrence of assertive or self-confident moods among the public. Here the role of elite debate and media is crucial. A polarized public debate between key decision-makers which is covered by the media provides the public with signals that helps convert latent into activated opinion. The existence of latent public opinion is most visible in the case of foreign policy. Given the remoteness and the complexity of foreign policy the public is not very well informed about the foreign policy neither does it have a consolidated and concrete opinion on foreign policy matters. It is, particularly, difficult to assess Public opinion in the matters of Foreign policy. For instance, Public is unlikely to have refined views on issues of arms control and trade agreements as there are significant gaps in public knowledge on these issues. In the context of military intervention the public opinion is driven by two key factors- a) the relation between domestic and international politics, and b) the number of casualties sustained. ‘Making or Breaking’ a military intervention Two- Level Game A government’s foreign policy and domestic policy have a deep impact on each other. That means a state does not intervene independent of domestic considerations. In fact, international negotiations between states, including the decision to militarily intervene, occur simultaneously with negotiations at the intra-national level. That means the executive needs to take into consideration the internal political environment while trying to deal and decide on an external policy. Economic, political and social factors all come into play while making such decisions; this is where public opinion, whether active or latent, also comes into play by either making a case for or case against military intervention. Japanese PTF Brazilian Domestic politics can have a direct bearing on international politics and vice versa. It is, therefore, important for policy makers to achieve domestic policy goals so as to maintain  international bargaining power. On the other hand, international negotiations must also be in tandem with domestic constraints. These premises are integral to Putnams Two-Level Game theory of international relations. At the national level, domestic groups often pressurise the government to adopt favorable policies to promote their interests. In turn the politicians seek power by forming coalitions among those groups. At the international level, national governments seek to maximize their own ability to satisfy domestic pressures, while minimizing the adverse consequences of foreign developments. Putnams theory involves two levels of interaction among players. It is important to note  that the two-level game is incredibly complex; moves that are rational for a player at one  stage may be injudicious for that same player at the other stage (Putnam 434). To  simplify the game, it is broken down into two levels international and domestic. At  Level I, the international level, bargaining between the negotiators leads to a tentative agreement. At this level of negotiations, the chief negotiator is the main negotiating force. The chief negotiator can be an individual, multiple persons, or single/multiple organizations depending on the situation. Level II, the domestic audience, constitutes separate discussions by supporters of the chief  negotiator about whether to ratify the agreement. Level II can be characterized as a parliament, ratification vote, or any number of other instances requiring acceptance of the Level I agreement. The agreement formulated at Level I must be voted up or down by the constituents at Level II. Crucially, the important inter-relationship between the two levels is that any Level I agreement must be ratified by Level II (Putnam 436). Any modification of the agreement at Level II counts as a rejection of Level I and will require a re-opening of negotiations at Level I; final ratification must be voted either up or down by Level II (Putnam 437). II)  Causalities and Public Opinion In contemporary times the growing awareness and concern for human rights has led to the birth of a strong correlation between the number of casualties sustained and the public opinion about the military intervention. Sensitivity to causalities is believed to be the â€Å"Achilles’ heel of modern-day democracies†.[6] Favorable public opinion is an essential element to any administration’s ability to prosecute war. This is because public opinion can constrain an administration’s ability to carry out its foreign policy goals, especially if the boundaries of what is acceptable to the public are breached. If the war drags on, casualties are sustained, the principal foreign policy objectives are considered illegitimate or the public perceives that the policy is not being successful, it may â€Å"push back† against or punish an administration by voting against it in the next election. This relationship is extremely strong and visible in the West as a result of, what Gerard Chaliand terms as, â€Å"the West’s inability to stomach the losses†. With the establishment and recognition of human rights coupled with a demographic trend that suggests lower fertility and birth rates as compared to other parts of the world ensures that each and every life counts. These trends can be seen all throughout military interventions post the Second World War- ranging from the Vietnam and Korean War to Afghanistan and Iraq War, including the humanitarian interventions in Kosovo and Somalia. As a result of a loss-averse public, the decision to intervene is to large extent determined by the public’s understanding of a) the possible swiftness of an attack, and b) the mounting cost of the intervention, especially in terms of the human lives. If the public is convinced that an intervention will be quick and will not protracted then it is more likely to create a favourable environment for the intervention amongst the people. However, if there are indicators that hint towards a long drawn-out conflict then the public opinion is bound to be largely against any such intervention. This can be seen during the Gulf War during Sr. Bush’s administration. Even though America’s ability to go for an ‘all-out’ war in other countries had been largely crippled as a result of the â€Å"Vietnam syndrome†, America was able to make a case of its intervention in the Gulf as a result of the swiftness of the attack. Additionally, given the heavy-dependence on aerial attacks the Americans and their allies were able to minimize personal losses which created a further favourable public opinion. Having said this, the public opinion can start to wither away as the public becomes aware of the mounting casualties. Over four thousand American casualties and over four years of conflict have  had a significant influence on public support for the war in Iraq. The media response to  the climbing casualty rate, the November 2006 mid-term election results, and recent elite  political rhetoric demanding withdrawal are important indicators that public support for  this conflict has deteriorated. A good example of this is the public’s response to the Bush administration’s Iraq policy in the November 2006 election. In fact, â€Å"public opinion, the support and mobilization of which is required for sustaining an extended conflict, plays a critical role in resolution, especially when  government preferences diverge from majority opinion.†So important is public opinion  that it may be America’s Achilles Heel. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kim, Jiyul.Cultural Dimensions of Strategy and Policy. Strategic Studies Institute, 2009. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=919 (accessed September 25, 2014). Key, V.O.Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups. Crowell, 1964. Schwarz, Benjamin C.Casualties, Public Opinion and U.S. Military Intervention. Arroyo Center: RAND, 1998. Smith, Eric R.A.N.The Unchanging American Voter. California: University of California Press, 1989. [1] The Followership Model of Public Opinion states that the general public is more likely to be lead by the decision-makers rather than lead them. [2] Refer to the work of Benjamin Page and Robert Shapiro (1992) [3] Jiyul Kim,Cultural Dimensions of Strategy and Policy, (Strategic Studies Institute, 2009) http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=919 (accessed September 25, 2014). [4] V.O. Key,Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, (Crowell, 1964), 264. [5] Eric R.A.N Smith,The Unchanging American Voter, (California: University of California Press, 1989). [6] Benjamin C. Schwarz,Casualties, Public Opinion and U.S. Military Intervention, (Arroyo Center: RAND, 1998), chap. 1.

Project Proposal Essay examples -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Project Proposal INTRODUCTION Topic and Purpose This proposal identifies the need for a document, which will propose and develop reasons why a for-profit transportation service for Kent should be perused. This service should be considered because of the recent parking and commuting problems both on and off campus. There have been many reasons why on-campus parking has become difficult in recent years. Increased student enrollment at Kent State University has posed many problems. The parking lots cannot facilitate the growing need for vehicle parking. Campus officials have undertaken construction projects to curb the parking problem, but these renovations have closed lots in the near term. Also, the increased enrollment of students has caused overcrowding on campus buses. These on-campus parking problems also have indirectly affected off-campus parking problems. Off-campus parking in the city of Kent can be described as dismal. The bus service provided by Kent State University is not geared to individual parking needs and lacks the spontaneity students often crave. Increased challenges of off-campus parking include a higher degree of regulation from City Hall. Furthermore, limitations of guest parking at apartment complexes and leased property have increased at an increasing rate over the past three years. These off-campus and on-campus parking problems serve as catalysts for commuting problems across the board. The transportation problems of Ken...